International Journal of Euro-Mediterranean Studies
The International Journal of Euro-Mediterranean Studies (IJEMS) is an open-access peer-reviewed journal for the study of the Euro-Mediterranean region. It aims to promote engagement with the realities and ideas in the Euro-Mediterranean region, thereby developing scholarly capital and improving intercultural understanding among scholars. It publishes articles on contemporary affairs or past aspects using a variety of methodologies and approaches, representing the full geographical range wherever it is published.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Sustainability, Development,and Culture in the Mediterranean and Beyond
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaka Vadnjal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Economic Integration of Mediterranean States
Times of economic crisis are an opportunity for greater integration of the markets of the Mediterranean countries. The chosen method makes it possible to confirm this hypothesis. Unfortunately, this cannot be realized without greater, comprehensive institutional connectivity within he economic space. The greatest role in this can be played by the major members of the Mediterranean basin, which are very important to global trade and through which the effects of major crises are also transmitted most significantly to the economic space of the Mediterranean basin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Janez Fabijan, Jaka Vadnjal, Draško Veselinovič https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Knowledge Management Index For Better Climate Change Management: A Case Study in the Egyptian Petroleum Sector
Climate change presents significant challenges to organizations, requiring adaptation and mitigation strategies grounded in climate-related knowledge and technological innovation. The petroleum sector faces increasing regulatory and environmental pressures. In response, this study introduces the Climate Change Knowledge Management Index (CKI), a novel metric designed to assess climate knowledge preparedness by integrating energy, environmental, and knowledge management systems. The CKI provides a standardized framework for evaluating how petroleum organizations manage, formalize, and apply climate-relevant knowledge in strategic decision-making. The index was applied to two Egyptian petroleum companies with differing knowledge management approaches, revealing notable differences in climate resilience. The company with formal knowledge management practices scored 0.283, demonstrating stronger integration, lower emissions, and more informed climate decisions. In contrast, the comparison company scored 0.133. Both scores were benchmarked against an optimal value of 0.606. These findings highlight the role of structured knowledge management in strengthening climate resilience and supporting strategic choices across high-emission sectors. The CKI equips decision-makers with a practical tool to evaluate and improve knowledge governance, particularly in developing economies. Its diagnostic capacity offers valuable guidance for sectors transitioning toward sustainable operations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aly Ahmed Aly, Mohamed Shaltout, Mohamed Salaheldin, Ahmed Elshazly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
How Do Serbian Gymnastics Coaches Make Decisions?
Different authors argue that coaching is fundamentally a decision-making (hereinafter: DM) process, while coaches’ DM has been identified as a key element of a coach’s practice. In the present study, we examined the DM behavior of Serbian gymnastics coaches. The sample consisted of 53 coaches (age: 40.96±13.04 years). Manifested DM behavior was measured during the national coaching seminar using the General DM Style Inventory, which includes five DM styles defined as rational, intuitive, dependent, spontaneous and avoidant DM. Factor analyses were performed to reveal the DM styles’ structure. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to identify the association between DM styles, demographic and professional characteristics, and ANOVA was used to detect differences between more experienced and less experienced coaches. The results showed that coaches use a combination of all five DM styles when making decisions, but mostly use rational and dependent DM styles. Based on the discovered average structure of the DM styles, we can conclude that Serbian gymnastics coaches are mostly rational decision-makers who increase their rationality by seeking advice, opinions, and knowledge from colleagues when making decisions. Furthermore, more experienced coaches can make decisions more independently and also faster when the situation is urgent or time-limited.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edvard Kolar, Saša Velićković, Rado Pišot, Marijo Možnik, Matej Tušak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Musicians, as an Important Building Block of Mediterranean Rural Tourism
This paper looks into the significant role of musicians in improving rural tourism offerings. Rural tourism is one of the main pillars of economic development and cultural preservation as it is a tool that provides jobs, improves the local quality of life, and supports the renovation of historic sites. Through their creativity, musicians safeguard and spread intangible cultural heritage, such as traditional music and dance, which positively influences the financial performance of rural tourism entrepreneurs. Music festivals and events in the countryside are also a great source of rural tourism. They bring in substantial revenue and help form a favourable image of the destination. The events in less-favoured areas have attracted visitors by diversifying tourism offerings and encouraging regional development. Despite this, their success is contingent upon good planning and proper organisation. The study investigates the influences of factors such as state support, proactivity, job satisfaction, luck, and personality traits on the success and development of musicians in Mediterranean countries, specifically in Slovenia and Montenegro. It has been revealed that including cultural resources in tourism strategies makes rural areas more attractive and competitive. Musicians thus play a crucial role in rural tourism by offering unique cultural experiences that lead to the sustainable development of rural areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandra Govedarica, Nataša Kraljević, Darko Lacmanović, Urša Lamut, Predrag Ljubotina, Andrej Raspor, Bojan Rojko, Ajda Srdić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Abstracts in French, Slovene, and Arabic
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Insights into Socioeconomic and Political Transformations in the Euro-Mediterranean Region
Emotional and Social Intelligence and its Impact on the Business Success of Bulgarian Digital Entrepreneurs
The rapid development of digital technologies over the past two decades has created a new economic environment that requires continuous adaptation. However, paradoxically, increasing digitisation emphasises the importance of soft skills such as emotional and social intelligence. The present study aims to empirically analyse the relationship between these skills and the success of Bulgarian digital entrepreneurs. The results show that successful entrepreneurs demonstrate higher levels of emotional and social intelligence, with all its components – self-awareness, self-control, motivation, empathy and social skills – contributing significantly to en​trepreneurial success. The importance of optimism for overcoming challenges in a dynamic digital environment is particularly emphasised. The conclusion is that, despite the specific requirements of digital business, the basic profile of a successful en​tre​preneur remains universal and is characterised by high emotional and social intelligence. Therefore, this study adds value to the literature on entrepreneurship, management, organisational behaviour, and human resource management, while it can contribute to the development of assessment tools, as well as training and development programs for emotional and social intelligence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Todorova, Irina Kostadinova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Post-Crisis Analysis of Media Consumption and Perceptions of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study of Moroccan Youth in Urban Areas
This study investigates the impact of media consumption habits on the perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic among Moroccan youth in urban areas. A quantitative method was employed, combining survey data, chi-square tests, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. In total, 872 responses were collected, and the analyses revealed that digital media consumption by Moroccan youth led them to more critical views of the pandemic’s media coverage. The regression analysis showed that the emphasis on the origins of the virus was an important aspect that influenced the respondents' assessment of the coverage. The findings highlight the importance of understanding how different age groups perceive and interpret media coverage during health crises. Effective communication strategies must consider the informational needs and motivations of diverse audiences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anoire El Attari, Hind Belaziz, Abderrahman Tenkoul, Nouhaila Borass https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Euro-Mediterranean Studies https://creativecommons.org/
Navigating Global Disruptions: Migration, Education, and Labor Markets in a Post-Pandemic World
Copyright (c) 2024 Jaka Vadnjal https://creativecommons.org/
The Impact of the Audit Committee on Financial Performance in Moroccan SMEs: An Empirical Examination
This study investigates the impact of audit committees on the financial performance of Moroccan SMEs, emphasizing the significance of context and its added value. Additionally, it examines the governance system’s influence on audit committee independence and explores variables related to audit committee characteristics. Drawing from a sample of 58 Moroccan SMEs, the study spans a 4-year period from 2018 to 2022. Through the utilization of regression analysis, findings reveal challenges to the audit committee’s total independence, attributed to a dual system and limited committee size. Consequently, Moroccan SMEs audit committees face constraints in fulfilling their responsibilities, particularly in financial statement review, potentially impeding SMEs financial performance and growth. This research contributes to the understanding of governance dynamics within Moroccan SMEs, highlighting the importance of context and offering insights into the complexities of audit committees.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hanae Laaroussi; Mohamed Amine Tbatou, Babounia Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Innovative Marketing Approaches and Transformation of Slovenian Consumer Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unparalleled difficulties, requiring flexible and adaptive responses from both societies and enterprises. This study aims to analyze new marketing techniques and operational adjustments that have emerged in response to the global crisis, focusing on their impact on customer behavior and purchase choices. Utilizing an abductive paradigm with a sequential exploratory design, we combined qualitative and quantitative research approaches. We gathered data from a sample of 204 Slovenian respondents through an online survey, which underwent rigorous examination using structural equation modeling (SEM). Our findings reveal significant shifts in customer behavior, notably a transition towards online retail platforms. Education also appears to play a crucial role in influencing consumer behavior changes, especially within the pandemic's complex context. Additionally, changes in income distribution directly affect product demand dynamics in the market. The practical significance of this study is emphasized by the actionable suggestions it provides to policymakers and organizations. These recommendations equip them with the necessary understanding to effectively adjust their strategies to meet the changing demands and preferences of customers to prepare for future possible crises.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maja Pucelj, Muhammad Naeem Shahid, Regalla Ravikanth, Samah Adel Ibrahim Mohammed Radwan, Muhammad Malik, Anthony K. Hunt https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Democratization in Tunisia: Negotiating the Interplay of Policy and Economic Development
This study examines the implications of the Tunisian revolution in 2011 and its subsequent democratic evolution within the context of prerequisites for democratic transition during the Arab Spring. The inquiry delves into two primary dimensions: firstly, an exploration of the objective rationales and contributing factors leading to the impediments in Tunisia’s democratic metamorphosis. This involves identifying the elements of foreign intervention and the political and social forces that have played a role in the setback, with specific emphasis on entities such as the Tunisian General Labor Union (UGTT), media outlets, civil society organizations, and influential entities within the bureaucratic administration. Secondly, the study seeks to assess the economic advancements that have fallen short of anticipated outcomes, evident in the decline across various economic indicators and the deteriorating socioeconomic landscape, foreshadowing an imminent economic crisis with profound social and security implications. The research contends that attributing the developmental setbacks, economic downturn, and insufficient economic progress alone cannot be solely accountable for impeding the trajectory of democratic transformation in Tunisia. It is imperative to also comprehend the pivotal role played by ideological conflicts and the inadequate consolidation of democratic culture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noureddine Selmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Impact of Tourism, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade, Economic Growth, and Renewable Energy on Carbon Emissions: The Case of Mediterranean Countries
In this study, we examine the influence of international tourism, trade, foreign direct investment, economic growth and renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions in 17 Mediterranean countries, spanning the period 1995–2018, by using heterogeneous panel estimation techniques. The findings show that economic growth has a strong impact on carbon dioxide emissions. Our results are in favor of the existence of an inverted U-shaped Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in Mediterranean countries. In addition, the econometric results indicate that international tourism, trade openness, FDI, and renewable energy consumption have a negative impact on carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel Granger causality test suggests that there is a two-way causality between CO2 emissions and the other variables explored (international tourism, openness, FDI, renewable energy consumption and real income) and a oneway causality running from renewable energy consumption and trade openness to real income. Therefore, the development of international trade in the field of renewable energies and the exploitation of these energies in the field of tourism and FDI can be favorable to economic growth and the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Younesse El Menyari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integrating Spirituality and Politics: Insights from Islam and Christianity on Religiosity and Governance in Contemporary Society
The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the spiritual and the political in contemporary times through an analysis of two contrasting approaches linking the spiritual and political spheres. This is achieved through an examination of religious values, spiritual beliefs, political objectives, and an exploration of Sufism’s interconnectedness between the spiritual and political realms. The study also examines the religious foundations of the Moroccan model of religiosity characterized by the institution of the Commandery of the Faithful and its principles in modern governance, with a focus on integrating spiritual values into leadership for societal harmony. The findings of this research, based on an analytical study of literary theories and a comparative study of governance and spirituality in Islam and Christianity, underscore the crucial importance of balancing spirituality and politics to address modern socio-economic and environmental challenges. The study also emphasizes the significance of balanced governance that respects religious diversity spiritual insights, and value-driven leadership for societal well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Othman Sqalli Houssaini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effects of Job Retention Schemes on Employment Preservation during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Euro Area Countries
In this paper, we analyse the effects different job retention (JR) schemes take-ups on the preservation of employment during the COVID-19 pandemic in euro area countries. We find that JR schemes in euro area countries helped reduce job losses during the pandemic. The most effective at preserving employment were take-ups of the most extensively updated pre-existing short-time work (STW) schemes that were more generous and included nonstandard workers. However, the impact of JR schemes was less than the overall employment preservation achieved. In contrast to the Great Recession, macroeconomic measures of economic support have helped preserve jobs during the pandemic as well. Corresponding differences in sectoral employment preservation effects show that such macroeconomic support led to more jobs being kept, by far the most in the group of vulnerable service sectors.
Copyright (c) 2024 Anton Rop https://creativecommons.org/
Internationalisation at Home: Intercultural Engagement of Students in Extracurricular Activities; MED2IaH Case Study
This study explores the role of extracurricular activities in enhancing students’ intercultural abilities, using the MED2IaA Erasmus+ CBHE project as a case study. Conducted between 2020 and 2023 across 12 higher education institutions in non-eu Southern Mediterranean countries, the project aimed to integrate international and intercultural aspects into local education. The concept of ‘Internationalisation at Home’ (IaH) is highlighted, emphasizing the inclusion of global learning opportunities within the curriculum and campus life for all students. The study finds that specific extracurricular activities, such as digital storytelling, intercultural events, and the friends Tea-Houses, significantly contribute to IaH by fostering intercultural engagement and understanding. The research concludes that these initiatives effectively promote intercultural competencies, enhance communication and teamwork skills, and provide valuable insights into managing cultural collaborations, thereby supporting the internationalisation goals of higher education institutions.
internationalisation within a domestic setting
Copyright (c) 2024 Nada Trunk Širca, Anica Novak Trunk, Karim Moustaghfir, Dorsaf Ben Malek https://creativecommons.org/
Case Studies of COVID-19 Pandemic Affecting Early-Career Scientists’ Mobility within theMediterranean Blue Economy Sector
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted scientific international mobility, particularly for early-career scientists (ECSs). This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges faced by ECSs in the Mediterranean region during the pandemic, specifically focusing on scientific mobility. Additionally, the study will explore the implications of the pandemic on the career trajectories of ECSs and the long-term effects on scientific research and academia in the Mediterranean. We incorporate individual experiences of three researchers, providing first-hand insights into the challenges and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. These personal experiences enrich the paper by offering a nuanced understanding of the practical implications and emotional aspects associated with the discussed issues.
Copyright (c) 2024 jihene Nouairi, Alice Affatati, Giorgia Rivoira, Sergio Rejado Albaina, Mounir Ghribi https://creativecommons.org/
The Use of Analytic Hierarchy Process forMeasuring National Interests: Demonstrating the Case Study of the Changing Relevance of Libya for Italian Foreign Policy between 2011–2021
The study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to quantitatively assess the Italian national interests over a 10-year period (2011– 2021) within the context of five states along the southern Mediterranean coast. By adopting a longitudinal approach, this research investigates the dynamics and relative significance of each state, thereby shedding light on potential shifts in Italy’s foreign policy. The study introduces a comprehensive methodology for visualizing and analyzing national interests, offering valuable insights into the evolving geopolitical landscape of the Mediterranean region. The findings highlight the changing patterns and relative importance of these interests over the examined period, uncovering subtle shifts in Italy’s strategic outlook. By offering a detailed examination of the Mediterranean region, this study presents a detailed understanding of the complex interplay between Italian national interests and the geopolitical dynamics of neighboring states. The visualization of this data provides an overview of the evolving relationships and power dynamics, facilitating informed decision-making and policy formulation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lili Takacs https://creativecommons.org/
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Euro-Mediterranean Studies https://creativecommons.org/
Various Aspects of History: The Present and Future in Euro-Mediterranean Research
The Positive Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Slovenian Economy
The objective of the paper is to assess the resilience of Slovenia’s economy after the Covid-19 pandemic that hit the global economy in Q4 2019, in years 2020, 2021 and 2022. To assess the resilience of Slovenia’s economy, two sets of forecasts are generated: forecasts using historical data including the pandemic (from Q4 1997 to Q2 2022) and not including the pandemic (from Q4 1997 to Q3 2019). The computation of the difference of their averages is an indicator of the resilience of the economy during the pandemic, the greater the difference the greater the resilience. Eurozone and Germany are used as benchmarks. By subtracting the average forecasted Q3 2022-Q4 2050 Eurozone quarterly GDP growth rate (annualized) obtained with the Q4 1997-Q2 2022 data, +0.68%, by the one obtained with the Q4 1997-Q3 2019 data, +0.57%, the difference is +0.11%, whereas with Slovenia the difference is 0.10% [+1.20% - (+1.10%)] and with Germany the difference is -0.12% [+0.89% - (+1.01%)]. Thus, Slovenia’s economy shows an almost equal resilience (+0.10%) than the Eurozone’s (+0.11%) based on Q3 2022-Q4 2050 forecasts and a stronger resilience than Germany’s (-0.12%). In addition, the authors pointed out that the average of the Q3 2022-Q4 2050 quarterly (annualized) growth rate forecasts of Slovenia is expected to be +1.20% with the Q4 1997-Q2 2022 data whereas it is expected to be only +0.68% for the Eurozone and +0.89% for Germany. Slovenia’s economy shows better prospects than the Eurozone’s and Germany’s economies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pierre Rostan, Alexandra Rostan https://creativecommons.org/
Career Decisions in the Mediterranean: To Be or Not to Be an Entrepreneur?
The significance of individual and family traits has been the main focus of recent studies on family business succession; nevertheless, regional effects have frequently been overlooked. Using individual level cross-country data, this study examines the effects of regional circumstances on the career choice intentions of family business heirs regarding employment, starting their own entrepreneurial venture, or family firm succession. By employing data from the 2018 GUESSS survey and applying binominal logistic regression, we have discovered that two groups of several nations (European and non-European Mediterranean countries) have several differences. We also show that individual features in the family firm, and start-up time, are significant factors, even beyond conditions such as university environment, entrepreneurship in the curricula, entrepreneurial attitudes, locus of control, power distance and subjective norms. Policies regarding company succession and related firm survival should be particularly based on various macroeconomic and youth labour market factors in order to reduce succession failures.
Assessment of Coastal Water Quality by Testing a Linear Model Using Landsat 8 sst Data: Exploratory Study
The Mediterranean Basin, off the coast of Tangier, Morocco, is one of the most valuable seas be-cause of the diversity of its ecosystem. However, pollution has become a growing issue along this coast recently. For this reason, we tested a linear model developed for the Atlantic western coastal waters of Tangier using sea surface temperature (SST) estimated from Landsat 8 images and Escherichia coli concentration (E. coli) in-situ measurement to determine the Mediterranean northern coastal waters quality of Tangier in fifteen Selected Sites (SS1 to SS15) along the coast from Tangier to Ksar-Sghir. In addition, descriptive statistics, and geographic information systems (GIS) were employed to explore the spatial association of the data. The results indicate that the SST and E. coli distributions have the highest values in the SS4-SS13 and SS15 due to the Souani, Mghogha rivers and Tangier Med Port, reflecting poor quality and a very high level of dangerous contamination in this area. The SS1, SS2, SS3, and SS14 reflected low levels of SSTs and E. coli concentrations thus, medium, and good-quality water around the cities of Tangier and Ksar-Sghir. The relationship be-tween water temperature and E. coli concentration showed a high correlation coefficient; 80% (RMSE = 0.8) and the IDW, helped frame the pollution zone along the shore. Although only values near the shore are valid, while the values deeper in the Gibraltar Strait were extrapolated due to the absence of data points at depth. This IDW results showed the negative impact of estuaries dis-charges and maritime traffic. As a result, the tested model is useful for estimating the quality of coastal water on the Mediterranean side of Tangier, and in the future potentially monitoring pollution in this region.
Measuring Transparency of the Central Bank of Egypt as a Prerequisite for Adopting Inflation Targeting Policy
It is almost two decades since the CBE has firstly announced its intention to adopt the IT regime once the fundamental prerequisites are met (Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) 2005). The transition towards the IT policy has been part of the complete revamping and reform of monetary policy in Egypt post the various challenges that the Egyptian economy experienced since the late nineties (Al-Mashat 2008). Thus, the CBE has paid continuous attention to comply with the preconditions of the IT policy (Youssef 2007). The purpose of this paper is to assess the degree of transparency of the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) over the period 2005 – 2021. The study relies on the most recently developed index for Central Bank Transparency (CBT) for inflation-targeting central banks (CBT-IT) designed by (Al-Mashat et al. 2018) to quantify the degree of transparency of the CBE. The analysis reveals that CBT in Egypt is advancing, but with a relatively reasonable path of change. Still, the CBE has a relatively large void to fill, especially pertaining to the transparency related to the Forecasting and Policy Analysis System (FPAS) and policy-making process.
central bank transparency for inflation-targeting central banks index
Exploring State Effectiveness in Sustainable Development: Development and Use of aMeasurement Tool for the Fez-Meknes Region
The implementation of sustainable development has become a key guiding principle that has been integrated into many policies and governance models. Governments and administrations have put in place governance arrangements to guide their actions towards sustainability. How can the success of this integration of sustainability into government and administrative activity be assessed? This paper presents a tool for measuring and comparing internal governance capacity for sustainability in the region of Mediterranean area, such as the provinces and prefectures of the Fez-Meknes region, which aims to be a reference for the sub-region, as a smart, resilient and sustainable city. The application of this tool reveals the diversity of governance arrangements and their different capacities and indicates where and how the governance of the sustainability of governments and administrations can be further improved with regard to our modes of cultural management, which can be further reinvented and better organised.
Morocco's Contribution to the Consolidation of Intra-African Migration: An Analysis through the Prism of Gabonese and Cameroonian Student Migration Flows in the City of Fez
This article brings further light on the enhancement of intra-African migration, which hardly makes the subject of in-depth research, besides irregular migration to Europe. This study highlights Morocco's involvement in the consolidation of migratory processes of African students from the perspective of African Cameroonian and Gabonese students in the city of Fez. Semi-structured interviews revealed mixed opinions regarding their integration into the host country, both in the university environment and in their living place. The study finds that Fez is an ideal place to study even as one student community (Gabonese) benefits from all the facilities to the detriment of the other (Cameroonian), in relation to the agreements pre-established by their governments, which will lead to an imbalance in the integration relationship, and which gave rise to a comparison between the two student communities. This analysis led to questions about the involvement of the home states but also about the reactions of the host country to this policy of the Kingdom to attract more of the students to study in Fez. This study aligns with contemporary studies on international migration, constitutes a perspective for the expansion of legal migration channels and an invitation for the African Union to promote ‘intra-African’ migration.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pierre OYONO MVOGO, Sanae Kasmi https://creativecommons.org/
Loyalty and Affiliation of the Andalusian Elites towards Mulūk Al-Ṭawā’if during the Eleventh century /Fifth AH
11th century Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus) witnessed political and military disintegration caused by its division into twenty-two Arab and Berber states. However, there was still cultural, intellectual, and scientific prosperity, prompting scholars and historians to examine the cultural prosperity of the Islamic states in al-Andalus, the domination of Christians in these states as well as the conflict between the Islamic states. This research clarifies the loyalty of Andalusian elites to the 11th century Muslim rulers in the Iberian Peninsula. It delves into the political positions and ambitions of these elites, particularly those of famous poets and jurists since many scholars concentrate on how the political weakness of the Iberian Muslim rulers impacted the cultural contributions of poets and jurists without examining how it impacted their political ambitions and loyalty to these rulers during this century. The methodology of this study is historically centred which analyses several primary sources in the 11th century, thus providing arguments to fill gaps in the existing literature.
Innovation and Entrepreneurial University Ecosystems in Euro-Mediterranean Countries